Immune cells can adapt to invading pathogens, deciding whether to fight now or prepare for the next battle

Cytotoxic T cells bind to foreign proteins on infected or cancerous cells and subsequently destroy those target cells by releasing molecules like granzyme and perforin. Anatomy & Physiology/SBCCOE, CC BY-NC-SA^[3][4]

We are^[5] a team^[6] of bioengineers^[7] studying how immune cells mature. In our recently published research^[8], we found that having multiple pathways to decide whether to kill pathogens now or prepare for future invaders boosts the immune system’s ability to effectively respond to different types of challenges.

Fight or remember?

To understand when and how T cells decide to become effector cells that kill pathogens or memory cells that prepare for future infections, we took movies of T cells dividing^[9] in response to a stimulus mimicking an encounter with a pathogen.

Specifically, we tracked the activity of a gene called T cell factor 1, or TCF1. This gene is essential for the longevity of memory cells. We found that stochastic, or probabilistic, silencing of the TCF1 gene when cells confront invading pathogens and inflammation drives an early decision^[10] between whether T cells become effector or memory cells. Exposure to higher levels of pathogens or inflammation increases the probability of forming effector cells.

TCF1 (yellow) is randomly silenced as T cells are activated, driving an early bifurcation of effector and memory cells. Counter in hours. Kathleen Abadie/Kueh Lab^[11]

Surprisingly, though, we found that some effector cells that had turned off TCF1 early on were able to turn it back on^[12] after clearing the pathogen, later becoming memory cells.

TCF1 (yellow) can turn back on in T cells that had previously turned it off. Counter in hours. Kathleen Abadie/Kueh Lab^[13]

Through mathematical modeling, we determined that this flexibility in decision making among memory T cells is critical to generating the right number of cells that respond immediately and cells that prepare for the future, appropriate to the severity of the infection.

Understanding immune memory

The proper formation of persistent, long-lived T cell memory is critical to a person’s ability to fend off diseases ranging from the common cold to COVID-19 to cancer.

From a social and cognitive science perspective^[14], flexibility allows people to adapt and respond optimally to uncertain and dynamic environments. Similarly, for immune cells responding to a pathogen, flexibility in decision making around whether to become memory cells may enable greater responsiveness to an evolving immune challenge.

Memory cells can be subclassified into different types^[15] with distinct features and roles in protective immunity. It’s possible that the pathway where memory cells diverge from effector cells early on and the pathway where memory cells form from effector cells later on give rise to particular subtypes of memory cells.

Our study focuses on T cell memory in the context of acute infections the immune system can successfully clear in days, such as cold, the flu or food poisoning. In contrast, chronic conditions such as HIV and cancer require persistent immune responses; long-lived, memory-like cells are critical for this persistence. Our team is investigating whether flexible memory decision making also applies to chronic conditions and whether we can leverage that flexibility to improve cancer immunotherapy.

Resolving uncertainty surrounding how and when memory cells form could help improve vaccine design and therapies that boost the immune system’s ability to provide long-term protection against diverse infectious diseases.

This article was updated to replace a figure of T cell differentiation with cytotoxic T cell activity.

Authors: Kathleen Abadie, Ph.D. Candidate in Bioengineering, University of Washington

Read more https://theconversation.com/immune-cells-can-adapt-to-invading-pathogens-deciding-whether-to-fight-now-or-prepare-for-the-next-battle-223523