Metal-organic frameworks: Nobel-winning tiny ‘sponge crystals’ with an astonishing amount of inner space
- Written by Stavroula Alina Kampouri, Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry, Rice University
The 2025 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to Richard Robson, Susumu Kitagawa and Omar Yaghi on Oct. 8, 2025, for the development of metal-organic frameworks, or MOFs[1], which are tunable crystal structures with extremely high porosity. These are a class of materials that have truly changed the way scientists design and think about matter, inspiring progress in various applications.
I’m a MOF scientist[2] and for many of us in the field, this recognition feels both historic and deeply personal. MOFs are not just elegant crystals you’d admire under a microscope; they’re an entire universe of structures, each like a miniature city of tunnels and rooms waiting to be filled. They’ve been my scientific home since I first stepped into research, and they still feel a little bit like magic to me.
So, what exactly are MOFs?
Metal-organic frameworks are like crystalline scaffolds built from two ingredients: metals that act like connective joints and organic – that is, carbon-based – molecules that behave as bridges to link those joints in a repeating pattern. The result is a highly ordered, porous framework – a kind of molecular architecture that’s both sturdy and full of empty space.
These frameworks are so porous, like sponges with tiny voids, that it’s almost impossible to picture them. One gram of a MOF has so many pores that it can expose as much internal surface area as a soccer field[4]. It’s astonishing that a handful of powder could hide an entire landscape of surface within it.
That enormous surface area is one of the unique things that make MOFs so powerful, and it comes from the nanoscale pores – tiny molecular rooms that can trap, separate, transform or transport gases, ions[5] and other molecules. In a way, MOFs are like molecular hotels with countless doors, each programmed to admit only certain guests.
Why scientists love them
What fascinates me most about metal-organic frameworks is their limitless design space. Just by glancing at the periodic table, every metal could, in principle, serve as a cornerstone, and countless organic molecules can act as bridges connecting them. Even using the same combination can produce entirely different architectures.
Chemist Omar Farha compares metal-organic frameworks to Lego sets that you can build and customize.So far, scientists have synthesized over 90,000 MOFs[6], and computational chemists have predicted hundreds of thousands more. Few material families offer this much versatility.
I like to think of MOFs as puzzles or Lego sets, but on the atomic scale. You can replace a single piece, or change its color or shape, and end up with a material that behaves completely differently.
Add a new “decoration” – what chemists call a functional group – and the framework suddenly recognizes a new molecule. Stretch the organic bridges, and the same architecture inflates like a balloon, giving what we call isoreticular MOFs[7]. These have the same structure, but bigger pores. In short, MOFs can come in almost every imaginable shape, size and texture.
Pushing the boundaries of these materials
Beyond their scientific elegance, MOFs are incredibly promising for real-world technologies. Different structures and functionalities lead to different properties and, therefore, different uses.
Some MOFs act as molecular sieves, selectively capturing carbon dioxide[8] from industrial exhaust or even directly from air. Others clean polluted water[9] by removing heavy metals, dyes or “forever chemicals[10].”
Certain MOFs can also carry drugs or imaging agents inside the body for medical applications[11]. In the energy world, they function as electrodes or electrolytes[12] that make batteries safer and more efficient. And many serve as catalysts[13], accelerating chemical reactions that transform one molecule into another.
When I began my Ph.D., my senior colleagues warned me that MOFs might be too delicate – beautiful crystals that would crumble at the first hint of air or moisture. And indeed, some of the early frameworks were fragile curiosities, admired more for their elegance than their endurance. But that perception has changed dramatically.
Many MOFs are now remarkably robust. The material I first worked on was a titanium-based metal-organic framework named MIL-125[16]. It was first reported by Gérard Férey, one of the foundational figures in the MOF and porous framework community who sadly died in 2017. MIL-125 was not only stable, it was practically indestructible in my lab. After synthesizing two grams of it, I stored it on my bench in an open vial and used that same batch for every catalytic experiment throughout my Ph.D. No glovebox, no desiccator[17] – just a jar of yellow powder sitting happily on my bench.
That experience taught me something important: While stability can be a legitimate concern, MOFs have grown up. Thanks to smart chemistry, we have materials that can withstand water, heat and repeated use[18]. Since their foundation, researchers around the world have introduced new properties to these materials[19] – from electrical conductivity to light responsiveness – and, crucially, made major progress in scaling up MOF synthesis for industrial applications.
Scaling is the key step in bridging the gap between fundamental discovery and large-scale deployment. Researchers are no longer content with studying MOFs in milligrams – we’re often planning for grams, kilograms and beyond.
Some startups are turning these advances into real technologies – from storing gases more safely, to pulling clean water straight from desert air[20], to building more energy-efficient air conditioners[21]. What once felt like science fiction – powders that breathe, trap and transform molecules – is now science fact.
Despite these advances, researchers will need to continue improving the stability and scalability of MOFs to fully realize these materials’ potential in the real world.
A Nobel moment that honors creativity
The 2025 Nobel Prize in chemistry goes beyond honoring three remarkable scientists[22] – it celebrates an entire community: a generation of chemists and engineers who transformed a single idea into a thriving field. The pioneering visions of Richard Robson, Susumu Kitagawa and Omar Yaghi laid the foundations for a vibrant discipline that has grown to encompass everything from gas storage and catalysis to energy and environmental technologies.
When I attended my first MOF conference as a second-year Ph.D. student, I listened in awe to many of the pioneers of this field, some of whom are now Nobel laureates. Back then, MOFs felt like magical sponges, and that sense of wonder never left me. It led me to continue my research on conductive MOFs: materials that can carry electricity. Now, in my own research group[23], we study how these frameworks can make batteries safer and more efficient, and how they can capture waste gases and turn them into useful chemicals using sunlight.
For me, this Nobel Prize celebrates more than a discovery, it celebrates a philosophy: Chemistry is creative, we can design and engineer matter with imagination, and sometimes emptiness can be the very essence of a material.
References
- ^ development of metal-organic frameworks, or MOFs (www.nobelprize.org)
- ^ I’m a MOF scientist (scholar.google.com)
- ^ Jonathan Nackstrand/AFP via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ surface area as a soccer field (doi.org)
- ^ ions (www.britannica.com)
- ^ synthesized over 90,000 MOFs (doi.org)
- ^ isoreticular MOFs (doi.org)
- ^ capturing carbon dioxide (doi.org)
- ^ clean polluted water (doi.org)
- ^ forever chemicals (theconversation.com)
- ^ for medical applications (doi.org)
- ^ as electrodes or electrolytes (doi.org)
- ^ serve as catalysts (doi.org)
- ^ Tony Boehle/Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)
- ^ CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org)
- ^ named MIL-125 (doi.org)
- ^ no desiccator (chem.libretexts.org)
- ^ withstand water, heat and repeated use (doi.org)
- ^ introduced new properties to these materials (cen.acs.org)
- ^ clean water straight from desert air (doi.org)
- ^ energy-efficient air conditioners (chemistry.mit.edu)
- ^ honoring three remarkable scientists (www.nobelprize.org)
- ^ my own research group (kampouri.blogs.rice.edu)
Authors: Stavroula Alina Kampouri, Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry, Rice University
