Want to make America healthy again? Stop fueling climate change
- Written by Jonathan Levy, Professor and Chair, Department of Environmental Health, Boston University
If you’ve been following recent debates about health, you’ve been hearing a lot about vaccines[1], diet, measles, Medicaid cuts and health insurance costs[2] – but much less about one of the greatest threats to global public health[3]: climate change.
Anybody who’s fallen ill during a heat wave, struggled while breathing wildfire smoke[4] or been injured cleaning up from a hurricane[5] knows that climate change can threaten human health. Studies show that heat, air pollution, disease spread and food insecurity linked to climate change are worsening and costing millions of lives around the world each year[6].
The U.S. government formally recognized these risks in 2009 when it determined that climate change endangers public health and welfare[7].
However, the Trump administration is now moving to rescind that 2009 endangerment finding[8] so it can reverse U.S. climate progress and help boost fossil fuel industries, including lifting limits on greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles and power plants. The administration’s arguments for doing so are not only factually wrong[9], they’re deeply dangerous to Americans’ health and safety.
As physicians[11], epidemiologists[12] and environmental health[13] scientists[14] who study these effects, we’ve seen growing evidence of the connections between climate change and harm to people’s health. More importantly, we see ways humanity can improve health by tackling climate change.
Here’s a look at the risks and some of the steps individuals and governments can take to reduce them.
Extreme heat
Greenhouse gases from vehicles, power plants and other sources accumulate in the atmosphere, trapping heat[15] and holding it close to Earth’s surface like a blanket. Too much of it causes global temperatures to rise, leaving more people exposed to dangerous heat more often.
Most people who get minor heat illnesses will recover, but more extreme exposure, especially without enough hydration and a way to cool off, can be fatal. People who work outside, are elderly or have underlying illnesses such as heart, lung or kidney diseases are often at the greatest risk.
Heat deaths have been rising globally, up 23%[16] from the 1990s to the 2010s, when the average year saw more than half a million heat-related deaths. Even in the U.S., the Pacific Northwest heat dome in 2021 killed hundreds of people[17].
Climate scientists predict[18] that with advancing climate change, many areas of the world, including U.S. cities such as Miami[19], Houston[20], Phoenix[21] and Las Vegas[22], will confront many more days each year hot enough to threaten human survival.
Extreme weather
Warmer air holds more moisture, so climate change brings increasing rainfall and storm intensity, worsening flooding, as many U.S. communities have experienced[23] in recent years. Warm ocean water also fuels more powerful hurricanes[24].
Increased flooding carries health risks, including drownings, electrocution[25] and water contamination from human pathogens and toxic chemicals. People cleaning out flooded homes also face risks from mold exposure, injuries and mental distress.
Climate change also worsens droughts[27], disrupting food supplies and causing respiratory illness from dust and dry conditions as well as wildfires. And rising temperatures and aridity dry out forest and grasslands, making them more vulnerable to catching fire[28], which creates other health risks.
Air pollution
Wildfires, along with other climate effects, are also worsening air quality[29] around the country.
Wildfire smoke is a toxic soup of microscopic particles[30] (known as fine particulate matter, or PM2.5) that can penetrate deep in the lungs and hazardous compounds[31] such as lead, formaldehyde and dioxins generated when homes, cars and other materials burn at high temperatures. Smoke plumes can travel thousands of miles downwind[32] and trigger heart attacks[33] and elevate lung cancer risks[34], among other harms[35].
Meanwhile, warmer conditions favor the formation of ground-level ozone[36], a heart and lung irritant[37]. Burning of fossil fuels also generates dangerous air pollutants that cause a host of health problems, including heart attacks, strokes[38], asthma flare-ups[39] and lung cancer[40].
Infectious diseases
Because they are cold-blooded organisms, insects are directly influenced by temperature. So as temperatures have risen, mosquito biting rates have risen as well. Warming also shortens the development time of disease agents that mosquitoes transmit.
Mosquito-borne dengue fever has turned up[41] in Florida, Texas, Hawaii, Arizona and California. New York state just saw its first locally acquired case of chikungunya virus[42], also transmitted by mosquitoes.
As global temperatures rise, regions are becoming more suitable for mosquitoes to transmit dengue virus. The map shows a suitability scale, with red areas already suitable for dengue transmissions and yellow areas becoming more suitable.
Taishi Nakase, et al., 2022, CC BY[43][44]
And it’s not just insect-borne infections. Warmer temperatures increase diarrhea and foodborne illness from Vibrio cholerae and other bacteria[45] and heavy rainfall increases sewage-contaminated stormwater overflows[46] into lakes and streams. At the other water extreme, drought in the desert Southwest increases the risk of coccidioidomycosis[47], a fungal infection known as valley fever.
Other impacts
Climate change can threaten health in numerous other ways. Longer pollen seasons[48] can increase allergen exposures[49]. Lower crop yields can reduce access to nutritious foods[50].
Mental health can also suffer, with anxiety, depression[51] and post-traumatic stress[52] following disasters[53], and increased rates of violent crime and suicide[54] tied to high-temperature days.
New York and many other cities now open cooling centers during heat waves to help residents, particularly older adults who might not have air conditioning at home, stay safe during the hottest parts of the day.
Angela Weiss/AFP via Getty Images[55]
Young children[56], older adults[57], pregnant women[58] and people with preexisting medical conditions are among the highest-risk groups. Often, lower-income people are also at greater risk because of higher rates of chronic disease, higher exposures to climate hazards and fewer resources for protection, medical care[59] and recovery from disasters.
What can people and governments do?
As an individual, you can reduce your risk by following public health advice during heat waves, storms and wildfires; protecting yourself against tick and mosquito bites; and spending time in green space that improves your mental health[60].
You can also make healthy choices that reduce your carbon footprint, such as:
However, there are limits to what individuals can do alone.
Actions by governments and companies are also necessary to protect people from a warmer climate and stop the underlying causes of climate change.
Workplace safety can be addressed through rules to reduce heat exposure for people who work outdoors in industries such as agriculture and construction[61]. Communities can open cooling centers[62] during heat waves, provide early warning systems[63] and design drinking water systems[64] that can handle more intense rainfall and runoff, reducing contamination risks.
Governments can ensure that public transit is available and not overly expensive to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. They can promote clean energy rather than fossil fuels to cut emissions, which can also save money since the cost of solar energy has dropped spectacularly[65]. In fact, both solar[66] and wind energy are less expensive than fossil fuel energy[67].
Yet the U.S. government is currently going in the opposite direction, cutting support for renewable energy while subsidizing the fossil fuel industries that endanger public health[68].
To really make America healthy, in our view, the country can’t ignore climate change.
References
- ^ about vaccines (www.npr.org)
- ^ health insurance costs (publichealth.jhu.edu)
- ^ greatest threats to global public health (doi.org)
- ^ struggled while breathing wildfire smoke (www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
- ^ injured cleaning up from a hurricane (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ costing millions of lives around the world each year (www.lshtm.ac.uk)
- ^ climate change endangers public health and welfare (woods.stanford.edu)
- ^ rescind that 2009 endangerment finding (climate.law.columbia.edu)
- ^ not only factually wrong (nap.nationalacademies.org)
- ^ World Health Organization (www.who.int)
- ^ physicians (scholar.google.com)
- ^ epidemiologists (pophealth.wisc.edu)
- ^ environmental health (scholar.google.com)
- ^ scientists (scholar.google.com)
- ^ accumulate in the atmosphere, trapping heat (science.howstuffworks.com)
- ^ up 23% (lancetcountdown.org)
- ^ hundreds of people (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ Climate scientists predict (doi.org)
- ^ Miami (climatecheck.com)
- ^ Houston (climatecheck.com)
- ^ Phoenix (climatecheck.com)
- ^ Las Vegas (climatecheck.com)
- ^ many U.S. communities have experienced (theconversation.com)
- ^ fuels more powerful hurricanes (doi.org)
- ^ including drownings, electrocution (www.nature.com)
- ^ Sean Rayford/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ also worsens droughts (yaleclimateconnections.org)
- ^ more vulnerable to catching fire (doi.org)
- ^ worsening air quality (doi.org)
- ^ microscopic particles (doi.org)
- ^ hazardous compounds (doi.org)
- ^ thousands of miles downwind (doi.org)
- ^ heart attacks (doi.org)
- ^ lung cancer risks (doi.org)
- ^ other harms (doi.org)
- ^ favor the formation of ground-level ozone (doi.org)
- ^ heart and lung irritant (doi.org)
- ^ heart attacks, strokes (doi.org)
- ^ asthma flare-ups (doi.org)
- ^ lung cancer (doi.org)
- ^ dengue fever has turned up (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ locally acquired case of chikungunya virus (www.cidrap.umn.edu)
- ^ Taishi Nakase, et al., 2022 (www.nature.com)
- ^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)
- ^ Vibrio cholerae and other bacteria (doi.org)
- ^ sewage-contaminated stormwater overflows (doi.org)
- ^ desert Southwest increases the risk of coccidioidomycosis (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ Longer pollen seasons (doi.org)
- ^ allergen exposures (doi.org)
- ^ nutritious foods (dx.doi.org)
- ^ anxiety, depression (doi.org)
- ^ post-traumatic stress (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
- ^ disasters (doi.org)
- ^ increased rates of violent crime and suicide (doi.org)
- ^ Angela Weiss/AFP via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ Young children (doi.org)
- ^ older adults (doi.org)
- ^ pregnant women (doi.org)
- ^ medical care (doi.org)
- ^ green space that improves your mental health (doi.org)
- ^ reduce heat exposure for people who work outdoors in industries such as agriculture and construction (doi.org)
- ^ cooling centers (doi.org)
- ^ early warning systems (doi.org)
- ^ drinking water systems (doi.org)
- ^ cost of solar energy has dropped spectacularly (ourworldindata.org)
- ^ solar (www.irena.org)
- ^ less expensive than fossil fuel energy (www.scientificamerican.com)
- ^ subsidizing the fossil fuel industries that endanger public health (insideclimatenews.org)
Authors: Jonathan Levy, Professor and Chair, Department of Environmental Health, Boston University
Read more https://theconversation.com/want-to-make-america-healthy-again-stop-fueling-climate-change-269269
