Nasal vaccines promise to stop the COVID-19 virus before it gets to the lungs – an immunologist explains how they work
- Written by Michael W. Russell, Professor Emeritus of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo

The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines have played a large role in preventing deaths and severe infections from COVID-19. But researchers are still in the process of developing alternative approaches to vaccines to improve their effectiveness,...