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Penance and plague: How the Black Death changed one of Christianity's most important rituals

  • Written by Nicole Archambeau, Associate Professor of History, Colorado State University
Penance and plague: How the Black Death changed one of Christianity's most important ritualsConfession, circa 1460/1470. Artist unknown.Photo by Heritage Art/Heritage Images via Getty Images

The 14th century is known for catastrophe. By midcentury, the first wave of plague spread through a Europe already weakened by successive famines and the Hundred Years War between England and France. And crises just kept coming. After the first wave,...

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