Is the science that we do today truth, likely to be a lie, or is it undetermined?

Curious Kids^[1] is a series for children of all ages. If you have a question you’d like an expert to answer, send it to CuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com^[2]. Is the science that we do today truth, likely to be a lie, or is it undetermined? – Nathaniel K., age 15, Hamilton, Ohio For most students, science is something you study and something you have to learn. I remember when I was in school, adults were always asking me things like “Do you like math?” and “Do you like science?” It’s almost like asking someone if they like spinach or broccoli. In reality, science is not really a specific thing to like or hate, or something to believe in or not. Science is an activity. As one famous scientist put it, “Science is what scientists do^[3].” It’s a way of working, a way to get things done. So, then, what is it that scientists do? As a historian of science and medicine^[4], I’ve studied how scientists try to understand the rules that govern things in the universe. For example, what makes the Moon orbit the Earth? How do clouds produce rain? How do people catch a cold? To answer questions like these, they do three things: They observe, they experiment and they analyze. The process of science All scientists carefully observe the subjects they are studying. Take the case of Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection^[5]. Darwin traveled the world collecting specimens of plants, animals and fossils to figure out how they came by their different features. He soon came up with an idea: Maybe certain species in an area look the way they do because they have characteristics that are best adapted to the environment they live in, and they are passing these on^[6] to their offspring. Darwin kept testing out this idea^[7] everywhere he went, and in the end his theory seemed to work. Ever since, scientists have conducted countless studies that affirm his theory. Many scientists take observation a step further by performing experiments^[8]. In an experiment, the scientist might use a laboratory and special instruments to modify something they’re studying and look at the effects of the change. Their aim is either to test a theory or to see whether certain changes occur regularly. A good example of this process can be seen in the experiments conducted by Ivan Pavlov in the 1890s with dogs^[9]. By introducing a sound right before a dog would be fed, Pavlov found^[10] the dog would start reacting to the sound the very same way it reacted to a bowl of food. For Pavlov, this demonstrated that animals learned through a process of association, or “conditioning^[11].”

Finally, scientists are constantly analyzing the results of their observations and experiments. Scientists use measurements, logic and math to consider what their findings mean. But it’s often not clear what the findings mean, and so the investigators end up having to make more observations^[14], conduct more experiments and rethink their methods and guesses.

Reporting the findings

The analysis process doesn’t stop there. Scientists show the results of their work to others, who, in turn, are invited to weigh in on whether they did a good job answering their research question. The criticism can be pretty intense^[15] at times. In most cases, this practice includes telling other scientists who work in the same field about what they did and what they found by giving presentations at conferences^[16].

Scientists also have to submit their work for more evaluation^[17] if they hope to get money to support their research. After that, they go through even more evaluation^[18] when they try to publish the findings of their research in professional magazines called journals.

In both cases, scientists undergo a process called peer review^[19], during which other scientists who study similar topics are asked to basically grade the quality of the researcher’s work and provide both negative and positive feedback.

If reviewers decide the study is not good enough, the researcher won’t get funding or their study published.

Is science truth?

The work of a scientist isn’t just observing something out in the world. Scientists must invite other experts to weigh in on what is right and wrong about their methods and ideas. As a result, every scientist has to be ready to rethink what they have been doing and believing.

Through this process, scientists work at getting closer and closer to the truth. New observations and new experiments may support or disprove earlier ones, or they might open up a whole new set of questions to answer.

The scientific results of today aren’t the whole truth, but they are the closest we can come to it right now. And as scientists today and in the future keep working, they seek to bring the whole truth more and more into focus.

When you see science as something people do to reach the truth, you realize it’s a way of working, whose strength comes from scientists being open to changing their approaches and conclusions.

Hello, curious kids! Do you have a question you’d like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question to CuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com^[20]. Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live.

And since curiosity has no age limit – adults, let us know what you’re wondering, too. We won’t be able to answer every question, but we will do our best.

References

1. ^{^} Curious Kids (theconversation.com)
2. ^{^} CuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com (theconversation.com)
3. ^{^} Science is what scientists do (archive.org)
4. ^{^} historian of science and medicine (history.la.psu.edu)
5. ^{^} theory of evolution by natural selection (www.youtube.com)
6. ^{^} passing these on (theconversation.com)
7. ^{^} testing out this idea (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
8. ^{^} performing experiments (www.thoughtco.com)
9. ^{^} Ivan Pavlov in the 1890s with dogs (www.youtube.com)
10. ^{^} Pavlov found (theconversation.com)
11. ^{^} conditioning (theconversation.com)
12. ^{^} Efbrazil/Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)
13. ^{^} CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org)
14. ^{^} make more observations (muse.jhu.edu)
15. ^{^} pretty intense (theconversation.com)
16. ^{^} giving presentations at conferences (doi.org)
17. ^{^} submit their work for more evaluation (theconversation.com)
18. ^{^} even more evaluation (theconversation.com)
19. ^{^} peer review (doi.org)
20. ^{^} CuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com (theconversation.com)